![]() ![]() ![]() On the other hand, the facilitation of the cholinergic transmission by using the cholinesterase inhibitors can improve attention in humans. Experimental data using non-human primates and rodents have demonstrated that injuries introduced to basal forebrain cholinergic neurons that innervate the cortex lead to attention deficit. The cholinergic system is involved in critical physiological processes, such as attention, learning, memory, stress response, wakefulness and sleep, and sensory information. Given its widespread distribution in the brain, it is not surprising that cholinergic neurotransmission is responsible for modulating important neural functions. Almost all regions of the brain are innervated by cholinergic neurons. They are mainly found in the spinal cord, hindbrain, medial habenula, mesopontine region, basal forebrain, striatum, olfactory tubercle and islands of Cajella complex. In the central nervous system (CNS), the cholinergic neurons are widely distributed. In addition, part of the post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons also uses ACh as neurotransmitter. All pre- and post-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons and all pre-ganglionic sympathetic neurons use ACh as neurotransmitter. ACh is the neurotransmitter used by all cholinergic neurons, which has a very important role in the peripheral and central nervous systems. Thus, drugs that act on the cholinergic system represent a promisingĪcetylcholine (ACh) was the first neurotransmitter to be identified. Progression and loss of cholinergic neurons contributes to memory and attentionĭeficits. ![]() Nevertheless, synaptic loss is the principal correlate of disease No real correlation between levels of cortical plaques and AD-related cognitive The hallmarks of the disease are theĪccumulation of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques. AD is the most ordinary cause of dementiaĪffecting 25 million people worldwide. Including the neurons that form the nucleus basalis of Meynert, are severely Cholinergic neurons located in the basal forebrain, Recycled into the presynaptic nerve terminal by the high-affinity choline The enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), forming acetate and choline, which is ![]() ACh present at the synaptic cleft is promptly hydrolyzed by Synaptic cleft, where it can bind its receptors, including muscarinic and Following depolarization, ACh undergoes exocytosis reaching the Synthesizing ACh from acetyl-CoA and choline in the cytoplasm and the vesicularĪcetylcholine transporter (VAChT) uptakes the neurotransmitter into synaptic The enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) is responsible for Acetylcholine (ACh) has a crucial role in the peripheral and central nervous ![]()
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